your derivation is correct but the key is the second to last step. when you take the limit as n->inf of ((1 - x^n)/(1-x)) you get 1/(1-x) ONLY IF |x|<1. otherwise lim{n->inf} (1-x^n)/(1-x) is infinite and the final line is not valid. basically what that guy did is assume that the final equation (which should only be valid for |x|<1) is valid for any x. technically you get a number when you plug in x=2 but it bears no relation to the infinite sum because you've violated the conditions required to get the formula. he's proposing that there is some hidden meaning to the formula which is still valid for |x|>1 but it's just nonsense.
he supports the hidden meaning by saying the the sum is in fact equal to -1 if you use the
p-adic valuation but that is even more nonsense. its comparable to performing a calculation in base 10 and then saying that the result has significant meaning in base 2. and his p-adic argument only holds for x=2 (if there was deeper meaning to the formula shouldn't it be valid for more than just a single value?)
basically this guy is only one step above the
nullity guy in my book. he's only better because he hasn't claimed that his sketchy math allows him to solve problems that nobody has ever solved before